ABSTRACT
Background: The post-harvesting process of medicinal plants such as drying operation and storage conditions has great influence on their quality and quantity of the active ingredients
Objective: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of pre-drying operation and also storage conditions and duration on the essential oil content and composition of Thymus daenensis
Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor include drying operations [including pre-drying and without pre-drying], the second factor include storage method [shade storage and storage in a refrigerator at 4 degree C], and the third factor was storage duration [storing the plants organs for 60, 120 and 180 days]. The essential oil was extracted by clevenger apparatus and its components were identified using GC and GC/Mass
Results: The highest amounts of essential oil, linalool, borneol, terpinene-4-ol, thymol methyl ether, e-anethol, thymol and carvacrol were observed in plants stored for 60 days. Also, the highest amounts of a-pinene, camphen, Beta pinene, myrcene, a-phellandrene, a-terpinene, limonene, cis-sabinene hydrate and trans-sabinene hydrate were observed in the plants dried in the shade after pre-drying operation and stored in the refrigerator for 120 days
Conclusion: Drying of T. daenensis plants under shade without pre-drying operation and storing in 4 degree C was the best way to obtain the highest amounts of essential oil and its main components [thymol and carvacrol]
ABSTRACT
Background: Ferulago angulata [Known in Iran as Chavir] is an endangered species with Anti fugal and anti-bacterial activity that can act as a natural preservator
Objective: Evaluation the effect of in vitro culture conditions and plant growth regulators on somaclonal variation and the phytochemical content of in vitro regenerated plants
Methods: Induced calli were transferred to Murashige and Skoog [MS] medium supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA] and 6-Benzylaminopurine [BAP] for regeneration stage. The essential oils were extracted by Clevenger apparatus and the yield and composition of essential oils were assayed by GC/Mass. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat [ISSR], Start codon Targeted [SCoT] and CAAT Box Derived Polymorphism [CBDP] markers were used to assess somaclonal variation
Results: The highest callus formation was obtained via radicle explant in MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1mg/L BAP. Maximum percentage of regeneration was occurred via derived calli from hypocotyl in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 NAA. The phytochemical assay revealed a considerable differences between natural habitats and in vitro regenerated plants. The percentage of ?-Pinene in plants derived from natural habitats and in vitro conditions were 27 and 1.53 respectively. The yield of essential oils were 2.26 and 0.64 [ml/100g D.M.] in natural habitats and in vitro regenerated plants respectively. The result of PCR assay indicated genetic variation between tissue cultured samples
Conclusion: The results indicated that in vitro culture conditions had a considerable effect on genome and metabolome of Ferulago angulate
ABSTRACT
Background: lippia citriodora H.B.K is an important medicinal and aromatic plant from the Verbenaceae family
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigation of essential oil percentage, E-citral [geranial] content and morphophysiological changes of Lippia citriodora in response to induction of bioactive compounds and plant growth regulators
Methods: this study has been conducted on the base of factorial experiment in randomized complete block design [RCBD] with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of bioregulators at four levels that were distilled water, 50 ppm gibberellic acid [GA[3]] + 50 ppm IBA, 50 ppm GA[3] + 100 ppm IBA and 100 ppm GA[3] + 50 ppm IBA. The second factor was chitosan inductions at two levels: distilled water and 400 ppm chitosan. The third factor was methanol induction at two levels: distilled water and 5% v/v methanol
Results: the measured traits were significantly affected [P
Conclusion: generally, the interaction of foliar application of plant growth regulators, methanol and chitosan could be positively effect on essential oil, E-citral [geranial] content and morpho-physiological traits
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Chitosan is one of the polysaccharides containing nitrogen which is synthesized naturally by deacetylation reaction of chitin and is confirmed as one of the efficient biostimulants for improvement of secondary metabolites production in medicinal plants
Objective: to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of chitosan biostimulant on vegetative biomass traits and secondary metabolites of Stevia plant
Methods: the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. The treatments were spraying of chitosan in four levels [0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 percent] and control treatment [spraying with distilled water]
Results: in this study, the obtained results of variance analysis showed that spraying of chitosan had significant effect on leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, leaf length [P <0.05], phenols and rebaudiosides A [P <0.01]. In this experiment, the highest fresh and dry weight of stems, leaves and shoots were observed at 0.1% Chitosan in a way that by increasing the chitosan concentration from 0.1 to 0.2 % the decreasing trend occurred. The highest amount of phenol was recorded at 0.1% concentration. Also, chitosan at 0.2% concentration had the maximum impact on rebaudiosides A
Conclusion: Chitosan spraying improved vegetative biomass traits and biochemical parameters such as rebaudiosides A in stevia plant
ABSTRACT
Background: Ocimum basilicum L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Its essential oil is antibacterial and anti-fungi it is used an appetizer and counterfeit. Methanol spraying as a source of providing carbon for C3 plant, can increase the plant yield, and its rate of ripping it can decrease the effect of water stress
Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and nano-iron chelated fertilizer on phytochemical and morph physiological characteristics of basil
Methods: In this research, the factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications was carried out. The treatments of this experiment were consisted of five levels of Methanol [0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 %] and four levels of Nano-iron chelate [0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g/L] fertilizer
Results: The study showed that spraying methanol with 20% volume along with 1 g/L of nanoiron chelated increased dry matter and oil yield and also increased methyl-cahvicol and Caryophyllene in Basil. Results showed that activity of Glutathione peroxidase enzyme was increased with increasing the percentage of bio simulative methanol, while activity of polyphenol oxidase was decreased
Conclusion: Nano-iron chelated increased the activity of these enzymes. It can be concluded that higher densities of bio-simulative methanol and Nano-iron chelated increased essential oil, methylcahvicol and some other affective enzymes which decrease induced environmental stresses. Although, higher densities of them would decrease biosynthesis of neral and neryl formate
ABSTRACT
Background: Drying is the most common way to preserve quality of aromatic and medicinal plants. Chosen drying methods can affect on the essential oil content and composition of medicinal plants
Objective: This study aimed to assess the changes in essential oil constitutes of catnip aerial part under various drying methods
Methods: The experiment was performed as the randomized complete block design [RCBD] with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were included the freshly harvested plants, sun-drying, shade-drying, oven-drying at 35, 45, and 55 [degree]C, microwave-drying at 100 and 200 W, and initial sun-drying followed by subsequent shade-drying and oven-drying at 45 [degree]C
Results: The result indicated that the various drying methods had a significant effect [p
Conclusion: In general, the oven-drying at 55[degree]C is recommended as an effective method to dry the catnip
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
Background: Plant growth regulators [PGRs] have important roles in many processes such as germination, seedling growth, nutrition uptake, morphogenesis, ripening, etc
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid, indole butyric acid, and methanol as plant growth regulators on morpho-physiological and phytochemical features in Thymus vulgaris L
Methods: The farm experiment based on a randomized complete block design was performed at 2014. The treatments were included G1M1 [GA3 50 ppm + methanol 20 %], G1M2 [GA3 50 ppm +methanol 40 %], G2M1 [GA3 100 ppm + methanol 20 %], G2M2 [GA3 100 ppm + methanol 40 %], I1M1 [IBA 50 ppm + methanol 20 %], I1M2 [IBA 50 ppm + methanol 40 %], I2M1 [IBA 100 ppm + methanol 20 %], I2M2 [IBA 100 ppm + methanol 40 %], G1I2M2 [GA3 50 ppm + IBA 100 ppm + methanol 40 %], G1I2M2 [GA3 100 ppm + IBA 50 ppm + methanol 40 %], and control [distillate water]
Results: The results showed that the combination of GA3 or IBA along with methanol changed significantly leaf length and width, number of branches, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, plant dry weight, seed weight, essential oil content and thymol amount. The highest values of the most traits were observed in I1M1 treatment
Conclusion: Methanol combination with one of the GA3 or IBA can improve morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits of thyme [Thymus vulgaris L.]. Thus, the most effective PGRs combination was related to GA3 50 ppm + Methanol 20 % and IBA 50 ppm + Methanol 20 %
Subject(s)
Gibberellins/pharmacology , Butyric Acid/pharmacology , Methanol/pharmacology , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Background: Since alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds, the availability of nitrogen [N] is expected to play an important role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids in plants. Nitrogen has been found to increase the content of alkaloids in some of the medicinal plants
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of nitrogen bio-fertilizers, conventional nitrogen fertilizer, and nitrogen nano-chelate fertilizer on the content of tropane alkaloids in Hyoscyamus niger L
Methods: This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design [RCBD] with 8 treatments, and 3 replications. The experimental treatments included 2 L.h[-1] nitroxin, 1 kg.h[-1] Azotobacter, and 10 t.h[-1] vermicompost each as bio-fertilizer, 150 kg.h[-1] urea as a conventional chemical fertilizer of nitrogen, and nitrogen nano-chelate fertilizer with three amounts of 3, 5, and 7 percent, and control treatment [without nitrogen fertilizer]
Results: The results showed that the effects of bio-fertilizers, conventional nitrogen fertilizer, and nitrogen nano-chelate fertilizer were significant on the scopolamine and hyoscyamine content in black henbane at the level of 1%. The highest content of hyoscyamine [HYO] was related to the treatments of 5% per hectare nitrogen nano-chelate, and the maximum amount of scopolamine [SCO] was observed in the treatments of 3 and 5% nitrogen nano-chelate fertilizers. On the other hand, the lowest values of hyoscyamine and scopolamine were related to the treatment of 7% nitrogen nano-chelate fertilizer, and nitroxin treatment, respectively
Conclusion: Generally, the highest yield of alkaloids content in black henbane were obtained by application of 3 and 5% nitrogen nano-chelate fertilizers
Subject(s)
Tropanes , Fertilizers , Nitrogen CompoundsABSTRACT
Background: The application of methanol biostimulant and potassium sulfate with reducing of photorespiration and transpiration in C3 plants, increasing the absorption of water and food, and biosynthesis of amino acids can have a direct or indirect effect on the growth and metabolic index of plants
Objective: This study was directed to investigate the effect of methanol and potassium sulfate foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical changes in dill
Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design at institute of medicinal plants. Experimental treatments included foliar application of methanol at 3 levels [0, 20, 40 v/v%] and potassium sulfate at 4 levels [0, 1, 1.5, 2 g.L]
Results: Methanol application increased the leaf and stem dry weight, and inflorescence fresh weight. Foliar application of different levels of potassium sulfate also increased the plant height, leaf dry weight, and inflorescence and shoot fresh weight. The use of methanol was not effective on the amount of essential oil in the dill. But, increased the amount of "-pienene. Low concentration of methanol increased the content of thymol, myrcene, "-phellandrene, and P-cymenen. So, increasing the concentration of methanol reduced their amount
Conclusion: Phytochemical and morphophysiological traits of dill were increased with application of methanol and potassium sulfate. As, the highest amount of leaf and stem dry weight, inflorescence fresh weight, and a-pienene was obtained with 40% methanol application. Also, the use of 2 g.L[-1] of potassium sulfate produced the highest amount of plant height, leaf dry weight, inflorescence and shoot fresh weight
Subject(s)
Phytochemicals , Potassium , Methanol , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Extracts , PhytotherapyABSTRACT
Background: Since the essential oil of lavender [Lavandula officinalis L.] was used for the treatment of diseases related to the nervous system and rheumatism, phytochemical evaluation of this plant is essential especially in terms of cultivation and production
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different culture media on the amount of essential components, chlorophyll content, nutrients, growth characteristics, and rooting of lavender
Methods: The experiment was done the basis of randomized complete blocks design [RCBD] in 10 treatments and 3 replications. Substrates and culture media for plant production in this study were Ml; sand, M2; sandiperlite [2:1], M3; sand:peat-moss [2:1], M4; sand:vermicompost [2:1], M5; sand:perlite:peat-moss [2:1:1], M6; sand:perlite:vermicompost [2:1:1], M7; sand:peat-moss:vermicompost [2:1:1] M8; sand:vermicompost:peat-moss:perlite [2:1:1:2], M9; sand:vermicompost:peat-moss:perlite [4:1:1:2], and M10; sand:vermicompost:peat-moss:perlite [6:1:1:2]
Results: Results showed that culture media had significant effect on the all characteristics of rooting, chlorophyll and nutrient content and essential oil components in lavender plants. Limonene, borneol, and camphor were the highest amount of essential oil compounds in lavender, respectively
The highest content of limonene and oxygenated monoterpenes in Ml, rooting percentage and number of main root in M3, camphor and chlorophyll content and root dry weight in M5, borneol content in M8, and hydrocarbon monoterpenes in M10 were observed. Conclusion: The application of different culture media in the production and propagation of lavender in addition to changes in morpho-physiological characteristics of lavender can directly alter the properties of essential oil and phytochemical compounds
Subject(s)
Phytochemicals , Culture Media , Monoterpenes , Oils, Volatile , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Extracts , Phytotherapy , Plant Structures , CamphorABSTRACT
Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF] have the potential to optimize the rhizospheric soil characteristics considerably thereby affecting plant growth
Objectives:The aim is to investigate the effects of fungi inoculation [Glomus intraradices] on morphological, physiological and phytochemical traits of Rosemary [Rosemarinus officinalis L.] under salt stress
Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in three replications at the Institute of Medicinal Plants in the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research [ACECR]. The mycorrihzal fungi in two levels [inoculation and non-inoculation] and saline conditions in five levels [EC of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS.m[-1]] were the two studied factors. The essential oil content and its components were measured with Clevenger-type apparatus and GC/Mass and GC
Results: The results showed that the interaction effect of fungi inoculation and salinity was significant [P
Conclusion: The phytochemical and morpho-physiological traits of rosemary were improved due to inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi under saline conditions
ABSTRACT
Background: Some health-protecting secondary metabolites can be found at a higher concentration in the sprouts compared to other stages of plant growth. In addition, environmental stresses such as salt stress may be resulting in the increase or decrease of specific secondary metabolites in sprouts and plants
Objective: Evaluation the changes of trigonelline, nicotinic acid, and proline content of fenugreek sprouts under saline and non-saline condition in the different harvesting times
Methods: This experiment was conducted on the base of factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were included three levels of salinity [0, 75 and 150 mM of NaCl], and three harvesting times of sprouted fenugreek [4, 8 and 12 days after beginning the experiment]
Results: In each level of salinity, the highest trigonelline content of sprouts was obtained on the fourth day, and its content was reduced on the eighth and twelfth days. The nicotinic acid amount under moderate [75 mM of NaCl], and severe [150 mM of NaCl] salinity was gradually reduced from the fourth up to twelfth days. Thus, the highest amount of nicotinic acid was observed on the fourth day, and its lowest was obtained on the twelfth day. The proline content of sprouted fenugreek was increased from the fourth up to twelfth day at different levels of salinity, so that the highest proline content of sprouts was observed on the twelfth day especially under 150 mM salinity
Conclusion: In general, the trigonelline and nicotinic acid content of sprouted fenugreek was reduced from the fourth up to twelfth days, and the highest content of them was observed under 150 mM salinity on the fourth day
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review was to represent a category of applied plant biostimulants and to highlight the effect of their application on morphological and phytochemical properties of medicinal plants in in vivo and in vitro conditions and their mechanism of action. Plant biostimulants, safe for both human beings and the environment, are substances or materials, except for nutrients and pesticides, which have the ability to beneficially modify plant growth and have been accepted over the past decade. Plant biostimulants have natural and synthetic origin. The natural biostimulants contain amino acids, bacteria, seaweed, yeast, chitosan, phytohormones, and also plant growth regulators [synthetic hormones], phenolic compounds, inorganic salts, essential elements, and other different substances are some examples of synthetic biostimulants. The plant biostimulants through different mechanisms of action [such as nitrogen assimilation] are sustainable management practice for production of medicinal plants, increasing biomass production, and enhancing secondary metabolites synthesis and it is investigated and shown in many studies in recent years. Furthermore, there are many reports on positive effects of biostimulants and elicitors application on medicinal plants in in vitro culture condition. Some products of companies active in the formulation of biostimulants in Iran are mentioned in this review. In conclusion, yield response in medicinal plants to biostimulants application showed that each medicinal plant responds in a different way based on the chemical composition and components of biostimulants, the timing and rate of application
ABSTRACT
Background: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an important anti-diabetic medicinal plant, becomes an inevitable alternative to sugar. Due to the propagation difficulties, tissue culture is the best alternative for rapid mass propagation of stevia plants
Objective: The present study was conducted to optimize a protocol for rapid micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana by shoot tip explants and to investigate the effect of growth regulators concentration on steviol-glycosides content under in vitro culture conditions
Methods: Young nodal stem explants were collected from a young growing plant and the effects of media and growth regulators on shoot proliferation were studied. Shoots produced on optimal medium for shoot proliferation were used for rooting experiments and the effects of IBA, NAA, and active carbon on root induction in both full MS and half MS media were investigated
Results: Based on the results obtained from the proliferation stage, there was no significant difference between growth regulator levels. Analysis of data obtained from rooting experiment, revealed that there are significant differences between growth regulators in leaf length, shoot dry weight, and root fresh weight. Based on the results of mean comparison, plantlets grown on free active carbon media had the higher biomass than those grown on media supplemented with 2 mg.L[-1] active carbon. The highest content of stevioside [8.18%] was observed at half MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg. L-1 IBA, and 2 mg.L[ -1] active carbon
Conclusion: Plant growth regulators can be included among the factors affecting shoot proliferation and root induction of Stevia rebaudiana. Micropropagation of stevia can be improved by altering the macro elements concentration and adding activated carbon. In conclusion, half MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg.L[-1]IBA, and 2 mg.L[-1]active carbon was superior for stevioside content
ABSTRACT
Papaver bracteatum Lindly [Papaveraceae] is an endemic species of Iran which has economic importance in drug industries. The main alkaloid of the plant is thebaine which is used as a precursor of the semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds including codeine and naloxone, respectively. This systematic review focuses on main component of Papaver bracteatum and methods used to determine thebaine. All studies which assessed the potential effect of the whole plant or its extract on clinical or preclinical studies were reviewed. In addition, methods for determination of the main components, especially thebaine, which have been published from 1948 to March 2013, were included. Exclusion criteria were agricultural studies that did not assess. This study has listed alkaloids identified in P. bracteatum which reported since 1948 to 2013. Also, the biological activities of main compounds of Papaver bracteatum including thebaine, isothebaine, [-]-nuciferine have been reviewed. As thebaine has many medicinal and industrial values, determination methods of thebaine in P. bracteatum were summarized. The methods have being used for determination of thebaine include chromatographic [HPLC, GC and TLC] and non chromatographic methods. HPLC methods seem to be the best method from the angle of time consuming, cost and data accuracy and precision
ABSTRACT
Background: Summer savory [Satureja hortensis L.] is one of the most important medicinal and spice plants cultivated in many parts of the world. Objective: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of FeSO4 and citric acid application on the morphological traits and essential oil content and its component, gammaterpinene in S. hortensis. Methods: FeSO4 in four levels [0, 3, 4 and 5 g L-1] and citric acid in four levels [0, 4, 6 and 8 mM] through foliar application were considered as two studied factors in this factorial experiment. Results: The results showed that the treatments of FeSO4, and interaction of FeSO4 and citric acid had a significant effect [p<0.01] on the all studied traits, whereas citric acid treatments only had significant effect on the essential oil content [p<0.01] and plant height [p<0.05]. FeSO4 and its interaction with citric acid significantly increased these traits. The optimum level of FeSO4 fertilizer on this plant was 3 and 4 g L-1 and for citric acid was 6 and 8 mM which increased the essential oil content and its component, gamma-terpinene compared to control plants. Conclusion: Foliar application of citric acid plus FeSO4 had the capability to alter the relative percentages of the essential oil content. In general, foliar application of FeSO4 with citric acid had synergistic effect on essential oil content, its component gamma-terpinene and agromorphological traits of S. hortensis
ABSTRACT
Background: Considering the importance of using new technologies such as nano-technology the sustainable agriculture, and increase the yield and quality of crops, research in this direction is necessary
Objective: In this study was investigated the effect of foliar application of nano-iron and potassium chelate fertilizer on yield and quality of psyllium
Methods: In this research, the factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications was carried out. The treatments of this experiment were consisted of three levels of nano-iron chelate [0, 1 and 2 g.L-1] and four levels of nano-potassium chelate [0, 2, 3 and 4 g.L-1] fertilizer
Results: The interaction of nano-iron and potassium chelated fertilizer treatments had a significant effect on the seed yield [P<0.01] and shoot dry weight [P<0.05]. The independent effect of nano-iron and potassium chelated fertilizer were significant on themost traits [P<0.01], number of seeds per plant, and yield of mucilage [P<0.05]. Interaction of 2 g.L-1 of nano-iron and 3 g.L-1 of potassium chelate fertilizer treatments, and also their independent effects had the most impact on the measured traits, especially yield of shoot dry weight, seed yield, mucilage content and yield of mucilage
Conclusion: According to the results, the use of nano-iron and potassium chelate fertilizer had positive effects on the efficiency of psyllium
ABSTRACT
Background: Tarragon [Artemisia dracunculus L.] from compositae family is important in the medicinal and nutritional industries and traditional medicine. Mycorrhiza fungi [Glomus intraradices] as an important biological fertilizer and synergist with plants can improve the plants resistance to environmental stresses
Objective: The objectives were to evaluate the interaction effects of mycorrhiza [Glomus intraradices] inoculation and salinity stress on morpho-physiological characteristics and essential oil content of tarragon [Artemisia dracunculus L.]
Methods: This factorial experiment was conducted at research greenhouse of Medicinal Plants Institute [MPI] on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. First factor was in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation of mycorrhiza fungi, and second factor was five levels of salinity [control, 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS.m-1]
Results: The analysis of variance showed that interaction effects of fungi inoculation and salt stress was significant on the studied parameters except for stem diameter and root length. The results showed that the most essential oil content [1.15%] was observed in the treatment of mycorrhiza fungi non-inoculation and salinity control and the most methyl chavicol content was attained in the inoculated plants by mycorrhiza fungi, and control treatment
Conclusion: In general, treatment of inoculation and control, and also treatment of fungi non-inoculation and control positively improved the dry weight of plant aerial parts and the essential oil content, respectively
ABSTRACT
Background: Biostimulants are amino acids and organic components, which can play main role in the plant growth and dry matter accumulation
Objective: Determine the influence of foliar application of active amino acids on quality and quantity yield of Melissa officinalis L
Methods: This study was conducted in a research farm at the institute of medicinal plants on the base of randomized complete blocks design [RCBD] with three replications. The treatments were control [foliar application with distilled water] and commercial formulations of aminolforte, kadostim, fosnutren, and humiforte [each of them 2 L ha[-1]], and chemical fertilizer [70 kg ha[-1] N.P.K]
Results: The results indicated that a significant increase in the content of citronellal, neral, deltacadinene, germacrene, and geranial, were found in response to aminolforte and fosnutren application. The essential oil content was also increased through using kadostim and chemical fertilizer. A significant improvement in the plant height, number of flowers per stem, and SPAD value were observed in response to the foliar application of aminolforte. Morover, foliar application of fosnutren improved leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, and shoot dry weight, accordingly. There was no variation in the number of branches per plant among the treatments of kadostim and aminolforte; both of these treatments improved the attribute
Conclusion: The foliar application of free amino acids based on commercial formulations including aminolforte, kadostim, humiforte, and fosnutren can be effective on the quality and quantity yield of lemon balm
Subject(s)
Citrus , Amino Acids , Oils, VolatileABSTRACT
Background: Lemon verbena [Lippia citriodora H.B.K.] is an aromatic and medicinal plant of family Verbenaceae, which cultivated in the North region of Iran
Objective: This comparative study was carried out on essential oil content and composition of Lippia citriodora H.B.K. from micro-propagated and rooted apical stem cutting plantlets
Methods: The micro-propagated plantlets were obtained by use of synthetic medium condition containing basal MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.l-1 BAP, 0.5 mg.l-1 IBA, 1 g.l-1 activated charcoal, 30 g.l[-1] sucrose, and 7 g.l[-1] agars. Pre-acclimated plantlets were transferred to the research greenhouse. To determine the essential oil content and its components in two types of plantlets, leaves of L. citriodora were collected in August 2013 before flowering stage. The essential oils were extracted by Clevenger apparatus and their constituents were determined by GC-MS
Results: The results indicated that thirty-two components were determined in the stem cutting derived plantlets. The main components of stem cutting plantlets were geranial [13.81%], limonene [11.41%], spathulenol [11.22%], and neral [11.21%]. Thirty-five components were also obtained in the micro-propagated plantlets. The main components of micro-propagated plantlets were consisted of geranial [17.26%], neral [14.48%], 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one [10.75%], and limonene [8.93%]
Conclusion: In general, the essential oil content of stem cutting plantlets was higher than micro-propagated plantlets, while the number of compounds and amount of geranial and neral in stem cutting plantlets was lower than micro-propagated plantlets